Module 9 - Teaching Writing Summary

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Takes place in context, which often makes references clear (e.g. 'that thing over there') Speaker and listener(s) in con-tact. Interact and exchange roles Usually person addressed is specific Immediate feedback given and expected: a. verbal: questions, comments, grunts,    murmurs b. non-verbal: facial expressions Speech is transitory. Intended to be understood immediately. If not, listener expected to interact Sentences often incomplete and sometimes ungrammatical. Hesitations and pauses common and usually some redundancy and repetition Range of devices (stress, intonation, pitch, speed) to help convey meaning. Facial expressions, body movements and gestures also used for this purpose. Universal, every-one can speak Spontaneous and unplanned Dialect variations commonly used Informal

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Creates its own context and therefore has to be fully explicit Reader not present and no inter-action possible Reader not necessarily known to writer No immediate feedback possible. Writer may try to anticipate reader's reactions and incorporate them into text Writing is permanent. Can be reread as often as necessary and at own speed Sentences expected to be carefully constructed, and linked and organized to form a text Devices to help convey meaning are punctuation, capitals and underlining (for emphasis). Sentence boundaries clearly indicated Not every-one can write Planned and takes time Demands standard forms of grammar, syntax, and vocabulary Formal